Black = sound occurs in both Dena’ina and English
Blue = sound occurs in Dena’ina but not English
Manner the Sound is Made | Place the Sound is Made | ||||||||||||
Bilabial | Labio- Dental | Alveolar | Lateral | Alveo-Palatal | Palatal | Velar, front | Velar, back | Glottal | |||||
Stops | Voiced | b | d | dl | dz | j | g | gg | ‘ | ||||
Voiceless | t | tl | ts | ch | k | q | |||||||
Glotalized | t’ | tl’ | ts’ | ch’ | k’ | q’ | |||||||
Fricatives | Voiced | v | l | z | zh | ŷ | gh | ||||||
Voiceless | ł | s | sh | x | h | ĥ | |||||||
Nasals | m | n | |||||||||||
Glides | Voiced | w | |||||||||||
Voiceless | y |
Terms for the Manner in which the Sound is Made
Voiced | The vocal cords in the voice box or larynx are tensed. |
Voiceless | The vocal cords are not tensed and there is an open passage of air as when whispering. |
Glottalized | The voice box or larynx is momentarily closed creating a slight “popping” sound as when saying uh uh or oh oh. |
Stop | The air passage is momentarily stopped and then released. |
Fricative | The tongue, or back of the throat is placed in such a position that the air passes by continuously. |
Nasal | The air is stopped and forced out the nasal cavity. |
Glide | The sound is shaped by a slight movement of the lips or tongue. |
Terms for the Place the Sound is Made
The numbers refer to the “Speech Apparatus” graphic below
Bilabial | The sound is made with both lips. (4) |
Labio-Dental | The sound is made with the bottom lip against the top teeth. (4,5) |
Alveolar | The sound is made with the flat front of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, the bony ridge just behind the teeth. (6) |
Lateral | The sound is made with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge in such a way that the sound can pass by on either side of the tongue. (6) |
Alveo-Palatal | The sound is made with the middle of the tongue against the area behind the alveolar ridge as it rises to the roof of the mouth or palate. (6,7) |
Palatal | The sound is made with the middle of the tongue against the roof of the mouth or palate. (7) |
Velar | The sound is made with the back of the tongue against the back of the roof of the mouth behind the palate, the velum. (8) |
Glottal | The sound is made in the area of the voicebox or larynx. (9) |